As already mentioned, pneumonia develops as a result of inflammation of the alveolar space. It can be primary, following aspiration of the bacteria e. Pneumonia is an acute inflammatory response deep in the lungs, in the alveoli. Causes, symptoms, treatment, preventive measures, and prognosis differ depending on whether the infection is bacterial, mycobacterial, viral, fungal, or. These air sacs, called alveoli, can fill with fluid or pus, causing a serious cough and fever. Its important for you to understand the pathophysiology of pneumonia, its signs and symptoms, what you need to assess for, and what nursing interventions youll need to do for it. Atif ali bashir assistant professor of pathology college of medicine majmaah university introduction. Volume 5 of pneumonia was a theme issue on the diag. It may be suprising therefore to discover the fragmentary knowledge available regarding its pathophysiology. Risk factors associated with a complicated course of communityacquired pneumonia. Pneumonia has been studied intensively as to its etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, laboratory findings, therapy, prognosis, and complications.
British thoracic society 2009 guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia. Read pneumonia books like welcome to paradise, now go to hell and necropsy killer whale kenau and fetus for free with a free 30day trial. Epidemiology most common infectious cause of death in usa 4 million cases per year occurs throughout the year prevalence from various etiologies varies from season to season affects all age groups most severe in infants, elderly, chronically ill. Learn from pneumonia experts like chas smith and the orca project corp. Recognition, prevention, and treatment of these problems are major factors in the care of children with pneumonia. Frequently, it is described as lung parenchymaalveolar microscopic airfilled sacs of the lung responsible for absorbing oxygen from the atmosphere inflammation and abnormal alveolar filling with fluid.
Pneumonia symptoms and diagnosis american lung association. Once there, a combination of factors including virulence of the infecting. Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs that can be caused by a variety of different pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, and myc. Critical care department, university rovira and virgili, pere virgili health institute, joan xxiii university hospital, ciber enfermedades respiratorias, tarragona, spain. The clinical and laboratory manifestations of the pneumonia syndrome according to the local or the systemic inflammatory response. Viral pneumonia in adults could present as communityacquired pneumonia cap, ranging from mild disease to severe disease requiring hospital admission and mechanical ventilation. Feb 10, 2008 pneumonia is an inflammatory illness of the lung. Pneumonia symptoms can vary from so mild you barely notice them, to so severe that hospitalization is required. Viral pathogens are increasingly recognized as a cause of pneumonia, in immunocompetent patients and more commonly among immunocompromised. Pneumonia is a common medsurg nursing disorder that you must know about in nursing school. People in these groups are more likely to need hospital treatment if they develop pneumonia. Symptoms typically include some combination of productive or dry cough, chest pain, fever and difficulty breathing. Although changes in large cholangiographically visible bile ducts may accompany pericholangitis, this entity is more appropriately referred to as classic or largeduct psc.
Bacterial pneumonia can be p increased risk with chronic disease, treatment with immunosupp copd, coal miners, drug overdoses, chf and elderly. Pneumonia causes substantial morbidity in children worldwide and is a leading cause of. The organism has been isolated in natural aquatic habitats freshwater streams and lakes, water reservoirs and artificial sources cooling towers, potable water distribution systems. Because respiratory failure is the consequence of many other primary conditions, its cure or elimination depends on more effective therapies for the primary conditions. Hap, cap, vap and hcap outpatient infected with pathogens ass infection of. Its important to recognise the signs and symptoms and to see a doctor if you have concerns, particularly if you or your young child have an existing medical condition. Tuazon, md, fpps, fpapp associate professor and head, section of pediatric pulmonology up college of medicine philippine general hospital. Learn pneumonia pathophysiology with free interactive flashcards. When you breathe in, oxygenrich air travels into the body through the airways trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles in your lungs.
When a tissue is infected or injured, there is an inflammatory response that is, in the simplest sense, an accumulation of pus. Pathophysiology pneumonia is due to impairment of normal defense mechanisms or lowered host resistance normal defense mechanisms are nasal clearance sneezing, blowing, swallowing, tracheobronchial clearance mucociliary action and alveolar clearance alveolar macrophages. Jun 22, 2016 pericholangitis is a chronic cholestatic liver disease characterized by inflammation and fibrosis of microscopically identifiable interlobular and septal bile ducts. Pdf file of the complete article 928k, or click on a page image below to browse page by page. Streptococcus pneumoniae is recognized as an important cause of pediatric pneumonia regardless of age in both the inpatient and outpatient setting. The most common pneumonia pathophysiology begins when the defense mechanisms of the body fail. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a gram negative bacteria, can cause pneumonia, an acute inflammation of the lungs. Pneumonia is an infection that inflames your lungs air sacs alveoli. Choose from 249 different sets of pneumonia pathophysiology etiology flashcards on quizlet. Pathophysiological modes of spread mechanism examples aerosols inhalation mycoplasma pneumoniae, chlamydophila psittaci, chlamydophila pneumoniae, legionella pneumophila. Pathophysiology of inflammation pharmacology merck. Mar 01, 2016 among infants with congenital pneumonia associated with proven bloodborne infection, mortality is in the range of 510%, with rates as high as 30% in infants with very low birth weight. Oct 10, 20 this feature is not available right now.
Six mechanisms have been identified in the pathophysiology of pneumonia nursing in immunocompetent adults table 2. The endogenous sources of microorganisms are nasal carriers, sinusitis, oropharynx, gastric, or tracheal colonization, and hematogenous spread. You can edit this template and create your own diagram. For example, as treatments improve for the therapy of ards, pneumonia or als, respiratory failure. Doctors also break down the kinds of pneumonia by the causes of the disease.
The icd10 classification of diseases has removed some of the historical descriptive terms and pneumonia is listed as the primary term in seven codes j1218 but it is. Pneumonia is acute inflammation of the lungs caused by infection. Pneumonia is defined as an inflammation of lung tissue due to an infectious agent. Use pdf export for high quality prints and svg export for large sharp images or embed your diagrams anywhere with the creately viewer. Accordingly pneumonia may be classified as cap typical and atypical cap, nosocomial pneumonia, aspiration pneumonia, pneumonia in immunecompromised host and necrotizing pneumonia. Pathophysiology of pneumonia in ed rello j, nosocomial pneumonia. Pdf aspiration pneumonia pathophysiological aspects.
Childhood pneumonia is an important cause of morbidity in resourcerich countries, and morbidity and mortality in resourcelimited countries. The inflammation could occur due to a bacterial, viral, or fungal infection. Pathophysiology of pneumonia respiratory tract disorders. Community acquired pneumonia infectious disease and. Nursing 704c pathophysiology of altered health states ii. Diagnosis and treatment of communityacquired pneumonia m. It affects all ages of both sexes, especially the immunocompromised, chronically ill and aged clients. Hypoxaemia is a key element in pathogenesis, diagnosis, and prognosis of ventilatorassociated pneumonia vap. Pathophysiology of community acquired pneumonia yudh dev singh professor internal medicine, skn medical college and gen hospital, narhe, pune 411041 table 1. Pneumonia is a contributing factor in 1025% of all deaths that occur in neonates younger than 30 days. This article covers communityacquired pneumonia cap.
Pneumonia is a serious lung infection caused by a virus or bacteria. Pneumonia, inflammation and consolidation of the lung tissue as a result of infection, inhalation of foreign particles, or irradiation. Pneumonia is the infection and inflammation of air sacs in your lungs. The guideline development process is guided by its scope published after stakeholder consultation.
Moreover, the role of viruses in hospitalacquired pneumonia. The alveoli are tiny sacs in human lungs, filled with air. Acute fibrinous and organizing pneumonia afop is a very rare form of acute or subacute lung injury, which is characterized by patches of fibrin. This type of pneumonia is most common in people with chronic health problems or weakened immune systems, and in people who have inhaled large doses of the organisms. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Pneumonia is a lung infection involving the lung alveoli air sacs and can be. Communityacquired pneumonia is a commonly diagnosed illness in which no causative organism is identified in half the cases.
Abstract childhood pneumonia is the leading single cause of mortality in. Pneumonia is an inflammatory condition of the lung affecting primarily the small air sacs known as alveoli. Epidemiology, pathophysiology, and microbiology of communityacquired pneumonia. Pneumonia is the leading killer of children worldwide global distribution of causespecific mortality among children under five, 2004 figure 2 pneumonia is a major cause of child deaths in every region % underfive deaths due to pneumonia, by unicef region, 2004 pneumonia 19% diarrhoeal diseases 17% others 10% malaria 8% measles 4% injuries 3%. Pneumonia is a lung condition wherein the parenchyma of the lung. Communityacquired pneumonia cap remains the main cause of death from infectious disease globally and is associated with considerable impact on morbidity and mortality especially in the elderly. It is important to know the role of the pathogenic microorganism in the etiology of a pneumonia infection in order to provide adequate clinical and. Diagnosis of pneumonia is based on symptoms and signs of an acute lower respiratory tract infection, and can be confirmed by a chest xray. Application of molecular diagnostic techniques has the potential to lead. Examples include malnutrition, the presence of chronic diseases, immune deficiencies, and the use of some potent drugs. Bacterial pneumonia bacteria cause most cases of communityacquired pneumonia in adults.
Clinically it is prudent to classify pneumonia according to setting in which it occurs because it helps the treating physician to give empirical antimicrobial therapy. Pneumonia when you have pneumonia, the air sacs in the lungs fill with infection or mucus. Hospitalacquired pneumonia hap is pneumonia that occurs more than 48 hours after admission1 and without any antecedent signs of infection at the. Pneumonia is a lung infection involving the lung alveoli air sacs and can be caused by microbes pathophysiology, causes.
Thirtyday mortality rates vary with disease severity, ranging from less than 1 percent in ambulatory patients to approximately 20 to 25 percent in patients with severe cap. This type of pneumonia is found in people who have not recently been in the hospital or another health care facility such as a nursing home or rehab facility. Mycoplasma pneumonia is a contagious respiratory infection. Viral etiology cold, dry weather and crowding favors spread. Many organisms, including viruses and fungi, can cause pneumonia, but the most common causes are bacteria, in particular species of. Epidemiology and etiology of childhood pneumonia world health. Pneumonia is classified into communityacquired pneumonia cap, hospitalacquired pneumonia hap and pneumonia in the immunocompromised. Guidelines for preventing healthcareassociated pneumonia, 2003 pdf icon 179 pages cdc and the healthcare infection control practices advisory committee developed these recommendations management of adults with hospitalacquired and ventilatorassociated pneumonia, 2016 pdf icon 51 pages external icon the infectious diseases. Pneumonia management and prevention guidelines cdc. A ct scan also shows the airway trachea and bronchi in great detail and can help determine if pneumonia may be related to a problem within the airway.
Pathophysiology of pneumonia editable flowchart template on. Lipsett, mdb, pneumonia is one of the most common nosocomial infections occurring in hospitalized patients. The growth of the organisms depends on the presence of lcysteine and iron in special media. Diagnosis and treatment of communityacquired pneumonia. Creately diagrams can be exported and added to word, ppt powerpoint, excel, visio or any other document. Learn pneumonia pathophysiology etiology with free interactive flashcards. Pathophysiology of pneumonia as already mentioned, pneumonia develops as a result of inflammation of the alveolar space. Pseudomonas pneumonia pneumonia caused by pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. Walking pneumonia is an informal name given to this type of pneumonia, which typically isnt severe enough to require bed rest. Legionella organisms are aerobic, motile, and nutritionally fastidious pleomorphic gramnegative rods. Pneumonia caused by pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. Pathophysiology of pneumonia free download as word doc. Signs of pneumonia breathing faster than normal or having trouble breathing pain in the chest when breathing or coughing.
Smoking, inhalation of corrosive gases, alcohol intake, and genetic disorders also could lead to the infection. Overview of pneumonia merck manuals professional edition. Epidemiology, pathophysiology, and microbiology of communityacquired pneumonia despite improvements in the clinical management of patients with communityacquired pneumonia cap over the last decade, the incidence of the condition remains high, especially in europe. The most consistent presenting symptom of bacterial pneumonia is cough productive of sputum. The disease spreads easily through contact with respiratory fluids, and it causes regular epidemics. A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext. Dyspnea shortness of breath is a subjective experience that results when air flow, oxygen exchange, or both are impaired. Initially, there is a transient constriction of arterioles. Pneumonia has been defined as an infection of the lung parenchyma. This healthhearty writeup provides information on the pathophysiology of pneumonia. Pneumonia is a lung infection that can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi. Rather than looking at it as a single disease, health care professionals.
Pneumonia is a breathing respiratory condition in which there is an infection of the lung. Pneumonia national heart, lung, and blood institute nhlbi. However, most instances of pneumonia are attributable to selfinfection with one or more types of microbes that originate in the nose and mouth. The development of pneumonia requires that a pathogen reach the alveoli and that the host defenses are overwhelmed by microorganism virulence or by the inoculum size. Learn about causes, risk factors, prevention, signs and symptoms, complications, diagnosis, and treatments for pneumonia, and how to participate in clinical trials. Pneumonia is an infection that inflames the air sacs in one or both. Epidemiology, pathophysiology, and microbiology of.
You may complete the case study below and the quiz on carmen by yourself or with your peers. Pneumonia is defined as acute infection of the alveoli and the surrounding tissues that is life threatening to most of the population. Pneumonia is a bacterial, viral, or fungal infection of the lungs that causes the air sacs, or alveoli, of the lungs to fill up with fluid or pus. For example, pneumonia due to respiratory viruses, streptococcus pneumoniae, and haemophilus influenzae is more common in children under 5 years old.
The air sacs may fill up with fluid or pus, causing symptoms such as a cough, fever, chills and trouble breathing. From a mechanistic point of view, the acute response to tissue injury occurs in the microcirculation at the site of injury. The alveoli are responsible for gas exchange, and any kind of inflammation in alveolar space compromises this process. The microbial causes of pneumonia vary according to its origin and the immune constitution of the patient. Initial diagnosis is usually based on chest xray and clinical findings. Pneumonia is caused by a bacteria, virus or chemical. Pneumonia is a lung condition wherein the parenchyma of the lung becomes inflamed. Bacterial pneumonia see the image below is caused by a pathogenic infection of the lungs and may present as a primary disease process or as the final, fatal disorder primarily in an individual who is already debilitated. British thoracic society 2009 guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults. However, most instances of pneumonia are attributable to selfinfection with one or more types of microbes that originate in the nose. Pneumonia is a pulmonary infection that is characterized by the inflammation of the lung parenchyma.
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